The attitude of the Catholic Church toward the Jews after World War II is a difficult issue in Polish–Jewish history, largely dominated by emotions and stereotypes. This text shows a fragment of the relations between the Church and the Jews since the end of military operations in eastern postwar Poland in the spring of 1944 until the Kielce Jewish pogrom in July 1946. The proposed chronology allows us to answer the question whether and to what extent the shadow of the Holocaust change theattitude of the Catholic Church toward the Jews. An examination of immediate postwar period is important because what had been worked in the early days influenced the Church’s position at such a dramatic moment as the Kielce pogrom as well as later. The paper presents the situation of the Church and the Jewish community the moment the war ended, and describes the mutual perceptions of the Church and the Jews in postwar realities. The text discussed how Jewish issue was presented by the hierarchs, the clergy, the Catholic press and the faithful.